Tratamiento de comunicaciones bucosinusales y buconasales: Reporte de cinco casos de diferente etiología / Treatment of oroantral and oronasal communications: report of five cases with different etiology

Objetivo: Las comunicaciones bucosinusales y buco- nasales son condiciones patológicas que se caracterizan por la presencia de una solución de continuidad entre la cavidad bucal y el seno maxilar o la cavidad nasal respectivamente. Una vez que se ha instalado una comunicación es deseable ce- rrar este defecto, evitando así la infección del seno maxilar y posibles dificultades en la deglución, fonación y masticación. Se han propuesto diferentes tratamientos para su resolución, algunos no quirúrgicos y otros quirúrgicos. Los quirúrgicos pueden realizarse desplazando tejidos locales, regionales o injertando. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar situaciones clínicas de comunicaciones bucosinusales y buco- nasales con diferentes etiologías y sus distintos tratamientos según tamaño y ubicación del defecto. Casos clínicos: Se identificaron pacientes que asistie- ron al Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Piñero presentando cuatro comunicaciones bucosinusales agudas y crónicas y una comunicación buconasal crónica. Los casos analizados fueron tratados de manera quirúrgica utilizando di- versos colgajos según tamaño y ubicación del defecto (AU)

Aim: Oroantral and oronasal communications are patho- logical conditions characterized by the presence of a solu- tion of continuity between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus or nasal cavity respectively. Once a communication has been installed, it is desirable to close this defect, thus avoid- ing infection of the maxillary sinus and possible difficulties in swallowing, phonation, and mastication. Different treatments have been proposed for its resolution, some non-surgical and others surgical. Surgical procedures can be performed by dis- placing local or regional tissue or by grafting. The aim of this case report is to present clinical situations of oral sinus and oral nasal communication with different etiologies and their different treatments according to the size and location of the defect. Clinical cases: A group of patients who attended the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of Piñero Hospital presenting four acute and chronic oral sinus and one oronasal communi- cations were identified. The analyzed cases were treated sur- gically using different flaps according to the size and location of the defect (AU)

Factores de riesgo de fístulas palatinas en pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente mediante palatoplastias / Risk factors for palatal fistulas in patients surgically treated with palatoplasty

La fisura palatina es una malformación congénita que afecta al paladar. Una fístula es la falla en la cicatrización en el sitio de reparación quirúrgica. Está presente en nuestro medio en un importante número de fístulas oronasales posterior a palatoplastias. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar los factores de riesgo de fisuras palatinas en pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente mediante palatoplastias La población de estudio fueron 82 pacientes que ingresaron al Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica del Hospital Materno Infantil. En los resultados, la media de edad en el grupo de pacientes con fístula fue 1 año 2 meses, en el grupo sin fístula fue de 1 año. El más afectado es el sexo masculino y aumentan el riesgo de fístula los grados moderado y severo en 1.22 veces. También la exposición a más de dos cirugías aumenta 2.65 veces, el grado 4 aumenta 3.1, la desnutrición representa 2.93 veces. La prevalencia de fístulas es del 13%. Los factores de riesgo son: grado de fisura palatina moderado y severo, haber estado sometido a más de dos cirugías. De acuerdo al defecto primario el grado 3 y el grado 4 y la desnutrición también son factores de riesgo.

Cleft palate is a congenital malformation that affects the palate. A fistula is the failure of healing at the site of surgical repair. It is present in our environment in a significant number of oronasal fistulas after palatoplasty. The objective of this study is to determine the risk factors for palatal clefts in patients surgically treated with palatoplasty. The study population consisted of 82 patients who were admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Service of the Maternal and Child Hospital. In the results, the mean age in the group of patients with fistula was 1 year 2 months, in the group without fistula it was 1 year. The most affected is the male sex and the moderate and severe degrees increase the risk of fistula by 1.22 times. Exposure to more than two surgeries also increases 2.65 times, grade 4 increases 3.1, malnutrition represents 2.93 times. The prevalence of fistulas is 13%. The risk factors are: moderate and severe degree of cleft palate, having undergone more than two surgeries. According to the primary defect, grade 3 and grade 4 and malnutrition are also risk factors.

Application of digital prosthesis in the repair of palatal fistula in rabbits / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Digital impression technology has been widely used in the oral field. Compared with traditional impression technology, it is more convenient and accurate. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of digital prosthesis for repairing palatal fistula in rabbits. METHODS: The rabbit models of palatal fistula were established by surgery. One month later, 10 rabbit models of palatal fistula were scanned by digital intraoral scanning system. The medical silicone rubber prosthesis for palatal fistula was manufactured by digital impression technology and digital design. After wearing the prosthesis, SUN LB, LAN YY, ZHOU HY, HUY. Application of digital prosthesis In me repair of palatal fistula In rabbits.  Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu. 2020;24(14):2192-2196. DPI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2228 the accuracy, retention and sealing properties of the prosthesis were examined. The study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethical Committee of Hospital of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After digital prosthesis repaired palatal fistula, the accuracy, retention and sealing properties of the prosthesis were good. To conclude, the digital prosthesis for palatal fistula repair by digital impression technology achieves accurate repair, and has certain clinical values.

Advances in classification and reconstruction of palatal fistula after cleft palate operation / 口腔疾病防治

@#Postoperative fistulae are one of the most significant complications of cleft palate repair. They usually has an adverse effect on patients’ oral hygiene, speech and even mental health. There has been a wide range of rates of fistula occurrence, from 0.8%-60%, with the classification and definition of fistulae differing from one author to the next. In this paper, the definition and classification of palatal fistulae and their reconstruction method are reviewed. At present, there is a lack of a consistent definition of palatal fistulae and a classification that can fully reflect the characteristics of palatal fistula. Adjacent flap is mainly used for repairing small fistulae with an adequate amount of surrounding tissue; anteriorly based dorsal tongue flaps are a safe and reliable method for large fistulae; free flap is beneficial for refractory and complicated palatal fistulae that are difficult to repair by the local and pedicle flap; and different synthetic materials are used in multilayer repair of fistulae; among them, composite polymer membrane is highly biocompatible, promoting cell attachment and proliferation in animal models, but its security in the human body needs further research.

Secondary cleft deformities: case report and review of literature

The aim of this paper is to highlight the iatrogenic aspect of secondary cleft deformity, methodologies to treat them and the importance of reporting such cases. Secondary deformities are common in cleft lip and palate patients. Primary aim of treatment incleft patients is to enhance their normal growth and development and minimize morbidity and number of operative procedures. Meticulous diagnosis, treatment planning and execution of primary surgery are of utmost importance in such cases to prevent majority of secondary deformities. Treatment of secondary deformity depends on the degree of deformity and the severity of impact on normal functions and growth. Following is a case of 16-year-old female patient who incurred secondary cleft deformities after undergoing multiple surgical interventions for congenital bilateral cleft lip alveolus and palate, last of which was conducted at the age of 6 years. Lip revision and tongue flap surgeries to close the palatal fistula were performed to address the patient‘s complaint and improve quality of life. Performing a tongue flap for anterior palatal fistula was more successful than Bardach‘s palatoplasty technique.It is important that each case encountered at various congenital defect care facilities is reported in literature to make the masses aware of probably outcomes and also help maintain a database to have more accurate data of such cases.

Clinical effect of reconstruction of large anterior palatal fistulae by anteriorly based dorsal tongue flaps / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of the reconstruction of large anterior palatal fistulae by anteriorly based dorsal tongue flaps to provide a rational reference of anteriorly based dorsal tongue flaps for clinicians.@*Methods @#Five patients with anterior hernia had a defect range of 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm to 1.5 cm × 2.0 cm, and the anterior tongue was 1.3 cm × 3.5 cm to 2.0 cm × 3.5 cm. The defects were all repaired with anteriorly based dorsal tongue flaps. The clinical efficacy was evaluated after operation, including whether the mucosal flap was infected, whether there was any shedding before the pedicle, and whether there was any perforation after operation. Thereafter, patients who were satisfied with their chewing, swallowing, speech function and appearance were followed up@*Results@#All patients underwent successful reconstruction of palatal defects by anteriorly based tongue flaps, and no case of spontaneous detachment of the tongue flap occurred. Patients with palatal fistulae were followed up for 16-28 months, and no recurrence was encountered. The operation had no effect on the speech, agitation and swallowing function of the tongue, and patients were satisfied with the appearance.@*Conclusion @#The dorsal lingual mucosal flap pedicled with the anterior tongue is a safe and reliable method for repairing large anterior palatal fistula.

An Application of Haiao Prosthodontics Membrane in the Repair of Palatal Fistula / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the application of Haiao prosthodontics membrane in the repair of palatal fistula. Methods According to personal preference, 32 patients with palatal fistula were randomly divided into the experimental group (n=15 cases) and the control group (n=17 cases) . In the experimental group, the flap of the surrounding tissue of fistula was used as nasal layer and Haiao prosthodontics membrane was used as the oral layer for the repair of palatal fistula.In the control group, the flap of the same tissue was used as nasal layer and the flap of the ortho tissue was used as the oral layer to repair the palatal fistula. Several indexes were evaluated including the blood loss,operation time, hospitalization time, postoperative fever, postoperative complications and hospitalization expenses. Results Less blood loss, shorter operation time and shorter hospital stay were observed in the experimental group compared with the control group (P＜0.05) . The incidence of fever after operation, the temperature and the duration of the fever were significantly lower in the experimental group (P＜0.05) . The incidence of bleeding complications after operation in the experimental group were significantly lower compared with that in the control group (P＜0.05) . No significant difference of the refissure rate and hospitalization expenses was found between the two groups (P＞0.05) .Conclusion Haiao prosthodontics membrane can be used to repair some palatal fistula. Advantages include safety, reliability, mild postoperative reaction and quick recovery.

Tratamiento de fistula palatina anterior mediante colgajo de lengua / Treatment of anterior palatal fistula through tongue flap

La fístula palatina anterior es la comunicación anormal entre la cavidad oral y la nariz que se presenta después del cierre quirúrgico de la fisura palatina, ésta ocurre con más frecuencia en defectos de paladar duro. El colgajo de lengua está indicado para la reconstrucción de grandes fístulas palatinas y con excesivas cicatrices palatinas luego de varios procedimientos insatisfactorios. El colgajo ofrece varias ventajas ya que presenta abundante tejido, excelente irrigación y es de fácil rotación. El resultado fue satisfactorio.

The anterior palatal fistula is the abnormal communication between the oral cavity and nose that occurs after surgical closure of cleft palate, this occurs more frequently in hard palate defects. Tongue flap is indicated for the reconstruction of large fistulas and excessive palatal scars after several unsatisfactory procedures. The flap offers several advantages since it presents abundant tissue, excellent irrigation and easy rotation. The result was satisfactory.

Reconstrucción de fístula palatina anterior con colgajo lingual de base anterior. Reporte de un caso / Reconstruction of anterior palatal fistula with anterior-based lingual flap. Case report

Las fístulas oronasales son una de las secuelas más comunes consecutivas a la reparación quirúrgica del paladar hendido. El propósito de este reporte es presentar la experiencia con el uso de colgajos de lengua para el cierre de fístulas palatinas anteriores amplias (mayores de 1 cm) o con intentos quirúrgicos previos fallidos. El cierre de las fístulas palatinas anteriores mayores de 1 cm o con tratamientos previos sin éxito. Mediante colgajos de lengua es una de las opciones de tratamiento reportados en la literatura con un alto porcentaje de éxito. En este artículo presentamos un caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 23 años de edad con diagnóstico de secuelas labio y paladar hendido bilateral, que se presenta a la clínica de cirugía oral y maxilofacial de la división de estudios de postgrado e investigación, a la exploración intraoral presentaba una fístula palatina anterior de 2.5 cm de diámetro, con el antecedente de varios intentos quirúrgicos sin éxito, por lo que se decide realizar el cierre de la fístula palatina anterior con un colgajo de lengua de base anterior.

Oro-nasal fistulae are amongst the most common sequels after surgical repair procedures of cleft palate patients. The aim of the present study was to present the experience of using tongue flaps for closure of wide (over 1 cm) anterior palatal fistulae, or in those cases when surgery had previously failed. Closure with tongue flaps of anterior palatal fistulae larger than 1 cm, or when previous treatments have failed is one of the most successful treatment options reported in scientific literature. In the present article we introduce the case of a 23 year old male with bilateral cleft palate and lip surgery sequels. The patient attended the Maxillofacial and Oral Clinic of the Graduate and Research School. Intra-oral exploration revealed a 2.5 diameter anterior palatal fistula. The patient informed of a history of several failed surgical attempts; it was therefore decided to close the anterior palatal fistula with an anterior based tongue flap.

Fechamento de fístula oronasal com retalho miomucoso labial superior / Closure of an oronasal fistula with a myomucosal upper lip flap

INTRODUÇÃO: A fístula palatina é a complicação mais frequente após palatoplastias e sua presença traz diversas implicações. Sua apresentação é diversificada e seu reparo pode ser difícil, o que se traduz na existência de uma diversidade de técnicas cirúrgicas descritas. OBJETIVO: Relatar a correção cirúrgica de fístula palatina anterior com retalho miomucoso labial superior, além de fazer uma breve revisão da literatura. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente submetido à correção de fissura palatina completa, apresentando, no pós-operatório mediato, fístula anterior de palato duro e processo alveolar, submetido à correção da fístula palatina oronasal com retalho miomucoso de lábio superior. O paciente evoluiu satisfatoriamente, sem complicações e sem recidiva da lesão após um ano de seguimento. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica em questão mostrou-se simples e eficiente, prestando-se à correção da fístula palatal anterior.

INTRODUCTION: Palatal fistula is the most common complication after palatoplasty, and its presence entails various implications. Its presentation is diverse and repair can be difficult, which is reflected in the existence of a numerous surgical techniques described for its treatment. OBJECTIVE: To report the surgical correction of palatal fistula with a myomucosal upper lip flap, along with a brief review of the literature. CASE REPORT: The patient underwent repair of complete cleft palate. At the immediate postoperative time, an anterior fistula of the hard palate and alveolar process was present and was subjected to a correction with an oronasal myomucosal upper lip flap. The patient progressed satisfactorily, without complications or lesion recurrence after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The technique presented is a simple and efficient method for correction of an anterior palatal fistula.

Preliminary study of preventive measures of anterior palatal fistula after operation of cleft palate / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To discuss the preventive measures of anterior palatal fistula by modified the operation of cleft palate. Methods For 23 patients of complete cleft palate with alveolar ridge cleft, bilateral mucoperiosteum flap was moved forward as possible so as to close fistula front of hard palate, and incised junction of the hard and soft palate to prolong soft palate and the wound was repaired by buccal mucosal flap.The incidence of anterior palatal fistula and velopharyngeal closure after operation was observed. Results Twenty-three patients were rechecked 1 month after operation ,there was no anterior palatal fistula occurring,10 cases were examined by epipharyngoscope 1 year after operation,the velopharyngeal closure was 90%-100%. Six cases were followed up for 6 months,the velopharyngeal closure was 80%-85%. Conclusions For second-stage operation methods of anterior palatal fistula, there are too many discussions of selection criterias, advantages and disadvantages. If first-stage operation is taken measures to prevent anterior palatal fistula or decrease the diameter of fistula as possible. It reduces percentage of second-stage operation or decreases the difficulty. It should get more attention in the clinical works.

Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Induced by a Postoperative Palatal Fistula during Articulation Development Period: A Case Report

PURPOSE: Velopharyngeal insufficiency(VPI) during articulation development period can cause compensatory articulation like glottal stop, which can maintain VPI symptoms such as hypernasality and nasal emission despite of recovered velopharyngeal function. METHODS: A girl visited our department with speech problems such as hypernasality, compensatory articulation patterns, and nasal air emission. She had history of post-palatoplasty fistula which was repaired after 1 year follow-up. RESULTS: After treated with speech therapy without surgery, her hypernasal speech problem was corrected. From this, we could assume that the fistula during articulation development period induced VPI, which leads to glottal substitution and this compensatory articulation maintained VPI though the fistula was repaired. CONCLUSION: In this report, we could observe that palatal fistula in articulation development period can have detrimental effect on articulation, and also we could confirm that evaluation of soft palate mechanism with using speech sample without compensatory articulations prevent the patient from unnecessary operation.

Congenital Palatal Fistula with Submucous Cleft Palate

Congenital palatal fistulas are rare, and few cases have been reported. Most reported cases present with a submucous cleft palate. In terms of etiology, whether the fistula is congenital or acquired has been debated. Moreover, there is not a generally accepted surgical procedure for repair of palatal fistulas. We present a case of a congenital palatal fistula with a submucous cleft palate that was successfully treated with a Furlow doubleopposing Z-plasty. We discuss palatal fistulas with a review of the literature.

The Treatment of the Large Palatal Fistula Using the Tongue Flap

INTRODUCTION: Most of the palatal fistulas develop along the suture line in a small size, so they can be corrected easily by re-palatoplasty or various flap surgery using the local mucoperiosteum. But it is very difficult to repair if the fistula is very large or located anterior to the hard palate. Buccal mucosal or vestibular mucosal flaps may settle the problems but there are many limitations on the size and location. And other extraoral distant flaps need not only many surgical steps but also cause inconvenience. But tongue flap proffers as an excellent method for the repair of large anterior palatal fistula because of highly mobility and rich blood supply and low donor site morbidity. MATERIALS & METHODS: We treated the six cases of large palatal fistulas using the distally based tongue flap. We dissected under the submucosa layer around fistula site preserving the mucoperiosteum and the elevated flap was rotated to nasal side and sutured with 4-0 Vicryl(R) for the repair of the nasal side. And then we elevated the tongue flap on the distal portion of the tongue. The elevated tongue flap was placed on the defect area and sutured with 4-0 Chromic(R). After 2 or 3 weeks, we detached the tongue flap which was placed on the fistula site. Donor site was closed with 4-0 Chromic(R). RESULTS: The mean size of palatal fistula was 7.2 cm. All of patients complained the discomforts in masticating and speaking before flap detaching operation. A wound dehiscence was observed on tongue flap sutured to defect site. But it was healed by revisionary suture. There was no donor site complication. CONCLUSION: The authors propose that the distally based tongue flap is an excellent method for the repair of large palatal fistula because of its highly mobility, rich blood supply, and few of donor site morbidit

Intraoral Compressive Dressing for Prevention of Palatal Fistula after Cleft Palate Repair

The rate of postoperative cleft palate fistula is influenced by palatal repair methods. High incidence of cleft palate fistula is associated with pushback palatoplasty, because wide elevation of mucoperiosteal flaps can cause hematoma and exudate, which make flaps thinner so necrotise. Thus, the authors tried to reduce the wound disruption, hematoma, and dead space while performing pushback palatoplasty in complete cleft palate by applying compressive dressing over mucoperiosteal flaps. As a result, the incidence of cleft palate fistula was statistically reduced after compressive dressing. Three fistulas occurred in 14 patients treated by pushback palatoplasty without compressive dressing, but no fistula occurred in 25 patients treated by pushback palatoplasty with compressive dressing. By applying the compressive dressing after Pushback palatoplasty, it is expected not only reduced short-term complication, but also better results in the long-term follow up of maxillary growth and speech development.

A Comparison of Anterior Based with Posterior Based Tongue Flaps for the Closure of Palatal Fistulas

Small palatal fistulas following surgery for cleft palate can be corrected easily by local mucoperiosteal flap. But fistula repair is difficult if the fistula is large in hard palate. Tongue flaps are the most commonly used flaps for closure of difficult palatal fistulas. The authors treated 38 patients of large palatal fistulas using tongue flap. Among them, 33 patients were operated using posteriorly based tongue flap, and 5 patients were operated using anteriorly based tongue flap. In the former, all flaps were successfully survived and not necessary a fixation of tongue after flap transfer. But in the latter, tongue flap of a patient was detached because of high mobility, and tongue flap of a patient was necrotized because of poor blood supply. For closure of large palatal fistula, posteriorly based tongue flap is safer and more reliable technique than anteriorly based tongue flap considering mobility and blood supply.